For the centrist Marxists and reformists who were sympathetic to the new revolutionary states but rejected the entry conditions of the Comintern, the International Working Union of Socialist Parties was founded by the United Social Democratic Party of Germany (VSPD) and the Social Democratic Workers' Party of German-Austria (SDAPDÖ), both of whom were junior coalition partners to the governing Communist Party of Germany (KPD). The Comintern was mostly the conception of Vladimir Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg, and rejected the decentralised and ineffectual structure of the defunct Second International which had resulted in most of its member parties supporting their respective countries' participation in the war. The Communist International, established in 1919, grouped together the explicitly revolutionary parties who sought to create socialist democracies comprised of workers' councils. When the revolutionary wave subsided, the international socialist movement reconfigured itself. In Spain, which had not even participated in the war, long-term social and economic conflict exploded into a revolution carried forth by an alliance between the anarcho-syndicalist National Confederation of Labour (CNT) and the newly-established Communist Party (PCE) they were belatedly joined by the reformist Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). Britain, France, America, and Italy were all destabilized by record levels of proletarian militancy. Even the ostensible victors of the Great War did not emerge unscathed. The subsequent merging of the German Civil War and the numerous wars which accompanied the dissolution of the Russian Empire resulted in a revolutionary victory over most of Eastern and Central Europe, despite intervention from the Entente. A military coup by the German high command in 1919 resulted in civil war when a Communist-led United Front of socialist parties, later joined by progressive liberals, fought back against the military junta. Much like the Russian Revolution, councils of workers, soldiers, and farmers gained varying amounts of authority in uneasy coexistence with official pro-liberal democratic governments. The following year the German and Austro-Hungarian empires also collapsed amidst mass starvation and failed military offensives. In 1917 the Russian monarchy was forced to abdicate and was replaced, first by a self-appointed Provisional Government of liberals and moderate socialists, and then by a soviet government of Bolsheviks (RKPb) and left wing Socialist Revolutionaries (PLSR). The Great War proved too much for the empires of Europe.